South Africa country guide: visas, airlines and living abroad

Understanding South Africa

South Africa requires a travel and relocation plan that reflects its geography, administrative arrangements and the traveller’s own circumstances. This guide brings together basic country information, aviation context, entry planning, longer-term residence considerations and practical preparation. A visitor, an international student, an employee and a person joining family may face different procedures even when they hold the same passport.

The country profile places South Africa in Southern Africa. The listed capital or administrative centre is Pretoria, Bloemfontein, Cape Town; the language metadata lists Afrikaans, English, Southern Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu. Currency information is presented as South African rand (ZAR), and the internet-domain information is .za. These details are useful when checking application addresses, interpreting invoices, identifying local services and arranging communication. A country-code domain identifies an internet namespace; it does not, by itself, authenticate an immigration service or establish an applicant’s eligibility.

Use the guide in two stages. First, understand the destination and prepare a realistic itinerary or relocation objective. Then confirm the applicable requirements with the authority responsible for your nationality, passport type, place of legal residence and purpose of travel. The country-specific official extracts below retain their source dates and scope. They must not be read as a universal visa decision for all passports, and an airline ticket or a consultation booking does not confer permission to enter.

Demographic, geographic and transport material attributed to the CIA World Factbook comes from its final archived edition. Figures retain their original reference years and are historical background rather than a claim that every statistic is current. Government travel-advice extracts are reproduced with attribution under the Open Government Licence. The sections on preparation are practical editorial guidance; they do not invent a visa category, processing guarantee or entitlement to permanent residence. Check the linked original advice again before travel, as the published snapshot can change. Map boundaries are illustrative and do not express a position on sovereignty or disputed borders.

Country facts, geography and economic context

Historical country context, adapted from the public-domain CIA World Factbook final archive. Original dates are retained. These facts do not establish current entry or residence rights.

History and national context

Geographic position

Land area

Landscape

Climate and seasonal planning

Natural hazards

Environmental conditions

Geographic considerations

Capital and administrative centre

Regional administration

Settlement patterns

Population snapshot

Urban development

Major urban areas

Languages and communication

Religion and cultural context

Society and communities

Economic context

Industry and employment context

Agriculture

Trade and exports

Trade and imports

Legal-system background

Names and terminology

National holiday

Internet identity

Airport infrastructure

Rail infrastructure

Airlines and transport to South Africa

Air travel to South Africa should be planned around the actual operating airport, the operating carrier and the legal conditions at every connection. A marketed flight may be operated by another airline under a codeshare arrangement. Identify which carrier performs each sector, where checked luggage is transferred and whether a change of terminal or airport requires passing through immigration. A cheap connection is not necessarily usable if the traveller lacks the relevant transit or entry permission.

The airline information below uses IATA’s membership directory retrieved on 2026-10-10. Membership is a useful way to identify registered carriers and their airline codes, but it is not a complete census of airlines, a flight timetable or a statement that every carrier operates passenger services. Cargo airlines may also appear. Registration in South Africa does not mean an airline serves the traveller’s departure city, and foreign airlines may be the practical option for reaching the destination. Consult the carrier and airport directly for current routes and operating restrictions.

IATA-listed carriers registered in this destination

• Airlink — IATA designator 4Z
• CemAir — IATA designator 5Z
• Global Airways and Lift — IATA designator GE
• Safair — IATA designator FA
• South African Airways — IATA designator SA

Before paying for flights, check the spelling of the passenger name, passport validity, baggage entitlement, change conditions and refund rules. Compare a protected through-ticket with separate tickets: a missed connection on independently booked sectors may leave the traveller responsible for replacement transport and accommodation. Keep sufficient time for immigration, security screening and baggage collection, especially when arriving in South Africa after a long international connection.

For an island, remote settlement or seasonal route, review the consequences of cancellation as carefully as the outward journey. Weather, runway limitations and operating schedules may restrict alternatives. Keep essential medicines, identification, payment methods and a change of clothing in hand luggage. Carry the address of the first accommodation and a reliable arrival contact. Never assume that a visa exemption also removes an airline’s document checks, or that approval for the destination automatically covers a transit country.

How to plan a visa application for South Africa

Start with the intended activity rather than the name of a visa found on a commercial website. A short holiday, attendance at meetings, a paid assignment, an academic course and joining a spouse can require different permissions. Write a short factual description of the trip, its duration, who will pay and whether any work will be performed. The responsible authority can then assess the relevant category without relying on an ambiguous description such as “business travel”.

Next, establish which rules apply to the individual passport holder. Nationality, ordinary or diplomatic passport status, dual citizenship, existing residence permits and previous immigration history can affect the route. An entry exemption offered to one nationality should not be applied to another. Likewise, a resident of a neighbouring country may still need permission based on nationality. Where a guide quotes UK travel advice, its stated British-passport scope is retained; it is not a promise that another passport receives the same treatment in South Africa.

Identify the correct application channel through an official embassy, consulate, immigration department or government portal. Check whether the application must be made from the applicant’s country of nationality or legal residence, and whether a third-party centre is officially appointed. Search advertisements and a country-code website address are not adequate evidence of authorisation. Confirm the official fee, currency, payment method and process for obtaining a receipt before transferring money or uploading identity documents.

Build the evidence file around the published checklist for the selected category. Possible evidence can include a passport, photographs, a travel plan, accommodation details, financial records, an invitation or proof of a family relationship, but the required list must come from the authority. Names, dates and addresses should be consistent across forms and supporting documents. Explain genuine discrepancies honestly; do not alter a bank record, conceal a refusal or submit a reservation that is presented as paid when it is not.

If translations, certification or legalisation are required, establish the accepted language and format before commissioning them. A translation accepted by a university or employer may not satisfy the immigration authority. Keep the source document, translator’s certification and any required legalisation together. Ask whether a digital upload is sufficient or originals must be produced at an appointment. Where biometrics or an interview are requested, attendance arrangements and passport retention may affect other planned journeys.

Submit only after reviewing every answer and retain the application reference, payment receipt and a complete copy of the evidence. Monitor the official account or authorised communication channel for requests. Respond within the stated period and keep a record of what was supplied. Processing-time estimates are planning information rather than guarantees; do not invent a completion date for South Africa, and avoid non-refundable commitments until the documents and travel conditions are suitable.

When a decision is issued, examine the name, passport number, entry validity, permitted duration, number of entries and any activity restrictions. An approval letter may require a later step before boarding or after arrival. If an application is refused, read the reasons and the authority’s instructions for any review, appeal or new application. A different factual situation or corrected evidence should be explained clearly; repeatedly submitting an unchanged file is unlikely to resolve the underlying issue.

South Africa: official entry, safety and health information

Country-specific official material reproduced from UK FCDO travel advice under the Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright. The entry section is scoped to British passport holders as stated by the source; other nationalities must check their own requirements. Source last updated: 2026-07-08T16:36:29+01:00. Retrieved 2026-10-10. Read the current original advice.

Warnings and insurance

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to: 

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency.

About FCDO travel advice 

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice. 

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Entry requirements

This information is for people travelling on a full ‘British citizen’ passport from the UK. It is based on the UK government’s understanding of the current rules for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in South Africa set and enforce entry rules. If you’re not sure how these requirements apply to you, contact the South African High Commission in the UK.

Passport validity requirements

Your passport must have an ‘expiry date’ at least 30 days after the date you leave South Africa and have at least 2 blank pages. 

Dual nationals

When returning to the UK, British citizens must carry a valid British passport or certificate of entitlement. See Dual citizenship.

South African-British dual nationals

If you are a South African citizen aged 18 or over, you must use a South African passport to enter and exit South Africa. It is illegal to use another country’s passport. See the South African Department of Home Affairs for further information. 

Visa requirements

You can visit South Africa without a visa for up to 90 days for business or tourism.

Check the expiry date of your visa or entry stamp and ensure you do not overstay.

For more information on visas, contact the South African High Commission.

The Department of Home Affairs also has information on South Africa visas and immigration regulations. 

Travelling with children

There are special requirements for travelling to South Africa with children aged 17 and under, and for unaccompanied children entering South Africa. The South African Department of Home Affairs has more information.

Vaccine requirements

To enter South Africa, you must have a certificate to prove you’ve had a yellow fever vaccination if you’re coming from a country listed as a transmission risk. 

For full details about medical entry requirements and recommended vaccinations, see TravelHealthPro’s South Africa guide. 

Customs rules

There are strict rules about goods you can take into or out of South Africa. You must declare anything that may be prohibited or subject to tax or duty. 

From 1 July 2026, all travellers entering or leaving South Africa through air, land, sea and rail ports of entry are required to submit an online traveller declaration before travelling.

Taking money into South Africa

When you enter South Africa, you must declare cash if you are bringing:   

• more than 25,000 South African rand per person 

• other currencies  worth more than 10,000 US dollars combined

Safety and security

Terrorism

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in South Africa

Terrorists are likely to try to carry out attacks in South Africa.

The main threat is from individuals who may have been inspired by terrorist groups, including Daesh, and who may carry out ‘lone actor’ attacks.

Attacks could be indiscriminate and could target public spaces and places visited by foreigners, such as:

• tourist sites
• shopping centres
• high profile events
• crowded places

Stay aware of your surroundings, keep up to date with local media reports and follow the advice of local authorities.

Israel and Palestine conflict

The current conflict in Israel and Palestine has led to heightened tensions around the world. Terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaida and Daesh, have called on their supporters to carry out terrorist attacks in response to the conflict. The conflict could also motivate individuals to carry out attacks. Terrorist attacks could target Jewish or Muslim communities, or the interests of Israel and its allies. Attacks could also be indiscriminate and happen without warning.

Political situation

There are regular protests and demonstrations in South Africa which can turn violent at short notice. Violence could affect participants and bystanders anywhere in the country. 

There has been an increase in xenophobic and anti-immigration marches and violence, primarily (but not exclusively) targeting African immigrants and those perceived to be African immigrants.

Exercise caution, avoid areas where protests, demonstrations or marches are taking place, especially in city centres and townships. Do not cross protester roadblocks. This could provoke a violent reaction. If you encounter a protest unexpectedly, leave the area as soon as it is safe to do so. Follow the instructions of local authorities and security personnel. Monitor local and social media for updates, including local radio. Where possible stay on main roads. Be aware that GPS navigation may direct you through less secure areas.

Crime

There is a high crime rate in South Africa, with incidents including:  

• violent muggings
• snatching jewellery and valuables
• carjacking
• ‘smash and grab’ attacks on vehicles
• house robbery
• rape and sexual assault
• murder

Crime locations 

Violent crime can take place anywhere, including in tourist destinations and transport hubs. Most violent crimes occur in townships, informal settlements, and other high-density areas, as well as in some city centres and isolated areas. The threat is higher when it is dark. 

There have been violent incidents involving tourists at popular tourist locations. There are usually security personnel in the main tourist areas who can assist tourists. However, policing and security is limited, so always be cautious. 

Avoid isolated beaches, picnic spots and local transport hubs. Do not walk alone in remote areas or on beaches when deserted, especially when it is dark. 

Protecting yourself and your belongings 

To protect your personal safety: 

• do not display valuables or leave them in your car
• take safe and reliable transport – see Public transport
• stay alert and be wary of people who approach you
• do not walk around after dark
• travel with friends if possible and make sure someone knows your plans
• only go to a township with a responsible and reliable tour guide
• consider removing expensive-looking jewellery
• be aware that resisting a robbery can lead to a violent response, including use of weapons, that can result in physical injury

Airport crime

Crime in and around airports includes robbery and theft of baggage and valuables. Criminals have followed people from OR Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg to their destinations and then robbed them, often at gunpoint.

You should:

• be careful in and around the airport
• use main roads to and from airports
• go through public areas quickly
• avoid isolated areas
• arrange for your hotel or tour operator to meet you if possible
• go to your connecting flight quickly if in transit
• consider vacuum-wrapping luggage
• keep valuables in your carry-on luggage
• avoid dropping off your rental car at night

Cape Town airport road attacks 

There has been an increase in violent crime and targeted attacks to and from Cape Town airport, including incidents involving visitors driving hired cars. See ‘vehicle crime’.

You should: 

• stay on the M3 and N2 (rather than the R300)
• stay on ‘airport approach road’ (exit 16 on the N2) rather than taking the Borcherd’s Quarry Road leading to Nyanga
• make a journey plan in advance and discuss it with a trusted local contact
• avoid following GPS navigation routes that take you away from main roads

Vehicle crime

Carjacking and robbery are common, particularly after dark and around traffic lights, junctions, petrol stations and driveways.

Thieves often break car windows and take valuables while cars are waiting at junctions.

Criminals sometimes force vehicles, including tourist buses, to stop so that they can rob passengers. Common tactics include throwing spikes (sometimes hidden in plastic bags), stones or glass in front of vehicles. If criminals target your vehicle, drive to a safe place, or as far as possible, if it is safe to do so.

Criminals may pose as police and use ‘blue lights’ on plain (often white) vehicles to stop motorists and steal the vehicle. If you are suspicious, do not stop and continue to a police station, petrol station or other place of safety to call the police.

Do not pick up strangers or stop to help apparently distressed motorists. Continue driving and report the incident to the police.

If you are involved in a carjacking, stay calm and surrender your valuables and your vehicle if asked. Do not resist as this could lead to a violent reaction.

To reduce your risk while driving:

• check your route for any hazards or disruptions before you set off
• use a GPS, but do not follow routes into less secure areas – generally smaller roads
• check whether car rental companies have any safety tips
• stay on main roads and park in well-lit areas
• avoid stopping for long periods
• always lock your car and physically check car doors. Criminals can interfere and block the car’s central locking system using car jamming technology
• keep your windows closed, especially at junctions
• keep valuables out of sight, ideally in the boot
• use ‘smash and grab’ film on windows – ask hire car firms for this
• make sure you can see the tarmac and the tyres of the car in front of you when you stop your vehicle, giving you space to escape if you need to

Criminal kidnap 

The risk of kidnap is increasing throughout South Africa. Criminals generally kidnap people for financial gain.  

In recent years, foreign nationals, including British nationals, have been kidnapped. British nationals can be seen as wealthier than locals and may be at particular risk of kidnap for financial gain. There have also been reports of young children being kidnapped from shops, shopping malls and beaches. Stay vigilant and be aware of your surroundings.

Express kidnappings are short-term, opportunistic abductions aimed at extracting cash from the victim. Victims may be held hostage for up to several days while criminals use stolen bank or credit cards. These often take place after dark.

To reduce your risk:

• avoid wearing expensive clothing or jewellery, particularly in public
• be vigilant, especially at night
• avoid predictable routines and isolated areas
• limit sharing personal information online
• use secure transport and keep car doors locked

Solo and women travellers 

Solo and women travellers have received unwanted attention and have been assaulted. Read our advice for ‘Solo and independent travel’ and ‘Advice for women travelling abroad’.

Fraud and scams

Be alert to the risk of scams, including through business or job opportunities, visa services or offers of romance and friendships, including on dating apps. Do not meet up with or send money to someone you do not know or have not met in person.

Card skimming and confidence scams are widespread. There has been an increase in cybercrime and internet scamming, such as online shopping.

If you use a visa agent, be wary of fraud. Always follow the correct visa application process through the Department of Home Affairs. Fraudsters often use embassy or other government details – check they are authentic before responding. Visa scams come in many forms and can cause great financial loss.

Criminals may pose as officials for financial or personal gain. If in doubt, ask to see their ID and move into a safe, public and open space. Police officers must carry their appointment certificate. If you have any concerns, call:

• police on 10111
• emergency services on 112 (mobile only)

Nightlife and dating

Criminals use dating apps to rob, rape or sexually assault victims. Be cautious using dating apps and meet in well-lit, public places. Always tell friends or family your plans. 

Be wary when dealing with strangers who offer free drinks, rides or unexpected personal attention. There have been instances of drink spiking involving robbery and sexual assault with both male and female victims. If you think your drink has been spiked, seek immediate medical help and contact the police.

If you have been sexually assaulted, read our advice for survivors of rape and sexual assault in South Africa.

ATMs and money exchanges

Crime around ATMs and money exchanges is common. You should: 

• hide your PIN
• be wary of strangers offering to help or who try to lure you to an ATM
• only change large sums of money in banks or secure shopping malls, not in busy public areas – some people exchanging large amounts of cash have been followed and robbed.

Table Mountain National Park attacks 

There have been recent violent attacks and muggings against hikers and foreign tourists in Table Mountain National Park, including on Lion’s Head and Signal Hill. 

You should: 

• avoid quieter areas of the park, especially during early mornings and evenings
• stay on busy, marked trails
• go on popular days such as weekends
• hike in groups of 4 or more

Transport risks

Road travel

If you are planning to drive in South Africa, see information on driving abroad. 

You can use a UK photocard driving licence to drive in South Africa for up 12 months. If you still have a paper driving licence, get the 1968 version of the international driving permit (IDP) before you travel, or update to a photocard licence. 

If you become a permanent resident, exchange your UK licence for a South African licence within 12 months of getting your residency. See living in South Africa. 

Hire car companies often have stricter requirements for their customers, such as a year of driving experience and a higher minimum age. 

See Crime for advice on travel to and from the airport, vehicle crime and safety at border crossings. 

Air Travel

There have been travel delays and disruptions at airports due to power outages, refuelling disruptions and immigration queues. Allow for adequate time when travelling. Check the Airports Company South Africa (ACSA) social media pages for the latest updates or download the app.

E-hailing and taxis

Scammers target people using e-hailing taxi apps in major cities.  

Make sure you:  

• use an internationally recognised service
• book through the e-hailing app
• identify a place of safety until the vehicle arrives; do not wait in the street
• check the vehicle registration and ID before entering
• do not display your phone or valuables
• ask the driver to close rear windows and lock doors if you cannot do so yourself
• check the e-hailing app for extra security features, and consider using them

Be wary of unregulated drivers posing as Uber or other taxi app drivers, especially at airports. If you book a taxi, wait in a designated taxi pick-up area, if there is one.

Tensions between e-hailing app and metered taxi drivers have led to armed violence and fatalities, particularly around Gautrain stations and at airports. Strikes and protests by taxi app drivers take place, sometimes with attacks against drivers not seen to be participating. Passengers have also faced harassment or violence. E-hailing apps  generally warn about high-risk areas, but be cautious using these services. During strikes use alternative reliable private transportation. Plan your journey so that you can avoid busy areas such as taxi ranks and transport hubs.

Minibus Taxis follow informal drop off and pick up principles with poor road discipline. These are minimally regulated and standards of vehicle maintenance can vary. Altercations with other road users and erratic driving is common.

Driving rules and standards

Driving standards vary in South Africa. Fatal road accidents are common, particularly around weekends and major public holidays.

Drive cautiously and: 

• obey speed limits
• avoid unfamiliar areas and be extra vigilant at night
• keep fuel levels above half a tank to avoid running out

In most cases, speed limits are 120km/h for highways and 60km/h on major roads.

On highways, drivers overtake or undertake in any lane including the hard shoulder.

On single-lane roads, trucks and slower vehicles sometimes use the hard shoulder to allow faster vehicles to overtake.

At most intersections, including crossroads (4-way stops) and where traffic lights are out of service, the first vehicle to arrive generally has priority. Small roundabouts (called circles) are treated the same as a 4-way stop.

On larger roundabouts, you should give way to the right, although drivers often do not do this.

Road conditions

Road conditions are generally very good but some roads in remote areas are less well maintained and may have potholes.

If you are travelling to a lodge in a remote area, check road conditions with the lodge management as you may need a car with good ground clearance.

If you rent a car, save the emergency roadside assistance numbers. Download an offline map if you do not have access to a GPS.

Pedestrian safety  

Pedestrian deaths account for a high number of road deaths every year in South Africa. Pedestrians often cross or walk on major roads and highways. This can happen anywhere, and the risk is higher if you cross a road away from marked crossings (jaywalking). If possible, cross at a marked crossing when it’s safe to do so. 

Public transport

Transport with a greater risk of theft, violence and unreliable service includes: 

• minibus taxis
• Metrorail train services
• long-distance public train and coach services

Generally safer and more reliable transport includes: 

• Gautrain between Johannesburg, Pretoria and OR Tambo International Airport
• MyCiTi bus in Cape Town (central business district and Atlantic Seaboard)
• airport shuttle buses through internationally recognised hotels
• internationally recognised e-hailing apps where bookings are confirmed through the app
• researched private hire options

To reduce your risk: 

• do not walk to or from Gautrain stations after dark
• do not travel to townships by MyCiTi bus – there have been violent attacks in Khayelitsha

Outdoor activities and adventure tourism

Hiking and walking 

Do not take unnecessary risks when participating in outdoor activities and adventure tourism. Health and safety standards vary globally and may not be the same as in the UK.

Check with the local tourism office for safe and licenced operators and consider hiring a registered guide.

Where possible, insist on a receiving a safety briefing.

Table Mountain National Park

Table Mountain trails are strenuous, and mountain rescuers get regular calls to help hikers. Know your limits and research a route that matches  your fitness level. Plan your timing carefully; start early to avoid peak summer heat and finish before dark. Check SANPARKS for the latest guidance including hazards such as wildfires. Always check the availability of the cable car if you are planning to use it.  For emergencies, contact Wilderness Search and Rescue (WSAR) on +27 21 937 0300.

See Crime for information on violent attacks in Table Mountain National Park.  

Kruger National Park

After a violent attack killed a tourist in the Kruger National Park, SANParks advise against using the Numbi gate. There have been protests and violent incidents on the R538 road leading to the gate. In May 2026, 2 local tourists were killed in a rare violent incident within the park and the suspects were arrested.

You can fly directly to Kruger National Park from Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban. Many people also choose to take a private tour or drive overland themselves.

If you stay outside the park, contact your lodge in advance to find out if any disruptions will affect your trip. See SANParks news.

Addo Elephant Park

South African National Parks advise visitors travelling from Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth) to Addo Elephant Park to use the N2 via Colchester, rather than the R335 via Motherwell due to crime, including vehicle high jackings. Recommended routes can be found on the South African National Parks Website.

Swimming safety

Beach conditions and local safety measures vary. Every year, many people drown due to strong sea currents. Ask for a life jacket if you participate in water sports.

On beaches with no equipment or warning signs, speak to local people who know the conditions. If in doubt, do not enter the water.

On busier tourist beaches:  

• only swim between the red and yellow flags
• read the warning signs
• follow instructions from lifeguards

The South African National Sea Rescue Institute (NSRI) has information about rip currents. 

In an emergency, call:

• 112 emergency services (mobile only)
• +27 87 094 9774 - NSRI emergency line

Seals and other marine animals can bite. Take care near seals when you are swimming or by the sea where they are found. Rabies has been detected in seals along the Cape Peninsula coastline. If you are bitten seek immediate medical attention and notify the authorities.

Extreme weather and natural disasters

Find out what you can do to prepare for and respond to extreme weather and natural hazards.  

Flooding

Heavy rainfall often causes widespread flooding. There is a year-round risk of flooding across South Africa. Always check weather reports and news for hazards before you start your journey. For alerts and forecasts, see the South African Weather Service. 

Wildfires

Wildfires can happen in rural and urban areas during hot and dry weather including Cape Town and in the Table Mountain National Park. Follow evacuation orders if requested. If you see a wildfire, move to a safe place away from vegetation and smoke. If you are inside a building or a car and judge it is safe to stay there, close all vents and windows.

Power cuts

In South Africa there have been local and nationwide power cuts caused by shortages and extreme weather. Whilst there has been a significant reduction in planned power cuts (‘loadshedding’), they can still happen and affect:

• private accommodation, including hotels and airbnbs
• availability of mobile phone networks and wifi
• shops
• banks and ATMs
• public lighting
• traffic lights
• security systems such as alarms and electric fencing
• petrol stations
• water

There may be higher risk of crime where security systems or public lighting do not work.

You should: 

• ask your accommodation provider how they manage planned power cuts
• check for planned cuts on the Eskom website or ‘loadshedding’ apps
• follow the advice of local authorities if there are water restrictions, including bans on drinking tap water

Preparing for power cuts

To prepare for long power cuts:

• write down emergency contact numbers
• plan how you’ll let relatives and friends know where you are
• carry a power bank with extra charging cables
• carry a torch or other portable lighting
• ensure you have enough medicine and first aid supplies
• find nearby safe places that may have back-up power such as hotels, hospitals and police stations, in case you need help
• read our advice If you are affected by a crisis abroad

Water shortages 

Across parts of South Africa, there have been water shortages. Follow the advice of local authorities if there are water restrictions in place.

Laws and cultural differences

Personal ID

Always carry a copy of your passport photo page and the page with your visitors permit or residence permit for South Africa. South African officials may ask for ID and proof of residence at any time. Keep your passport in a hotel safe or another secure location. Do not carry it with you unless you need it for official identification.

Illegal drugs and cannabis laws 

Illegal drugs, including cannabis, carry severe penalties. Whilst the personal consumption of cannabis is considered legal, all other drug possession, use or smuggling illegal drugs, including when transiting through the airport is illegal.  

British nationals have been arrested for attempting to carry illegal drugs, including cocaine, cannabis and khat, to the UK. You should expect a long jail sentence and heavy fines for possessing, using or smuggling illegal drugs, including when transiting through the airport.   

Airports in South Africa have excellent technology and security for detecting illegal items. This is also used to scan the baggage of transiting passengers.

LGBT+ travellers

Same-sex sexual activity is legal. It is illegal to discriminate based on sexual orientation. See our advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Wildlife, animal products and souvenirs

It is illegal to buy, sell, kill or capture any protected wild animal or trade any of its parts without a permit. Trading ivory or rhino horn is banned. Anyone caught buying or trafficking banned goods will be prosecuted.

Health

Before you travel check that: 

• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation
• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant. 

Emergency medical number

Dial 112 (from a mobile) or 10177 and ask for an ambulance.

Contact your insurance or medical assistance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment.

There may be other regional emergency numbers available, check locally.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for South Africa
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you’ll face in South Africa, including:   

• malaria
• chikungunya
• cholera
• mpox

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of South Africa, including Johannesburg. Read more about altitude sickness on TravelHealthPro.

HIV 

HIV is a risk in South Africa. Take normal precautions to avoid exposure to HIV/AIDS. There is more information on sexually transmitted infection risk and prevention for travellers on TravelHealthPro. 

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

If you take regular medication, make sure you can get repeat prescriptions if needed. Most prescription medicines in the UK need a prescription (‘script’) from a doctor in South Africa. The doctor may ask you to get an electronic prescription from your medical practitioner in the UK. There are pharmacies across the country – some have medical practitioners on site who can write prescriptions.

TravelHealthPro explains best practice when travelling with medicines.

Healthcare in South Africa

There is no healthcare agreement between the UK and South Africa.

Public medical care varies across South Africa. Standards of treatment and hygiene may not be the same as in the UK.

South Africa has a very high standard of private medical care. Private healthcare can be expensive, so make sure you have the right travel health insurance and funds to cover the cost of medical treatment abroad and repatriation if needed.

FCDO has a list of medical providers in South Africa.  

Rehabilitation centres for drug or alcohol addiction

Private rehabilitation centres are widely accessible to foreign visitors. You should read available guidance on rehabilitation, recovery and residential treatment in South Africa, if you are considering attending an inpatient treatment programme.

You should also:

• do extensive research beforehand
• choose a reputable facility that is registered with the South African Department of Social Development or the Western Cape’s Substance Use Disorder Service
• get the right visa for your stay
• get the right travel insurance, including medical cover suitable for a rehabilitation stay and your particular circumstances

Make plans in case: 

• you relapse abroad
• treatment is unsuccessful
• you need unplanned repatriation to the UK – this may need to include access to extra funds

TravelHealthPro has information on travelling abroad for treatment. 

International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers has information on the impact of travel and substance use. 

The British High Commission in Pretoria does not usually contact or visit people who have travelled specifically for medical treatment. 

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also guidance on TravelHealthPro.

Expatriates, employment and immigration in South Africa

A temporary visit to South Africa and permission to reside there are separate planning questions. The terms “expatriate”, “immigrant” and “resident” describe circumstances, but they do not identify an immigration category by themselves. Determine the lawful basis for the intended stay and whether the application is made before travel or through a permitted procedure after arrival. This guide does not assume that a visitor can change status locally, obtain employment or remain indefinitely.

For employment, confirm whether the prospective employer must sponsor the applicant, obtain an approval or demonstrate particular conditions before the worker applies. Ask whether the permission is tied to a specific employer, occupation or location and what happens if the employment ends. Professional licensing, recognition of qualifications and an immigration work authorisation may be separate requirements. A job offer without the required permission should not be treated as a lawful start date.

International students should verify the institution, course eligibility and the immigration requirements directly with the competent offices. Admission, tuition payment and a student visa are separate milestones. Establish whether part-time work is allowed, whether dependants can accompany the student and what options exist after the course. Do not infer work rights or a settlement route from a school’s marketing claims. Keep a budget for study, accommodation, insurance and the return journey.

For family migration, establish which relationships are recognised and what evidence is accepted. Marriage, partnership, parenthood or dependency may involve different procedures, and a family member’s nationality does not automatically settle the applicant’s rights. Check income, accommodation or sponsorship requirements where applicable. Document custody and consent for children travelling with one parent. If names differ across civil records, obtain appropriate explanations and accepted supporting documents.

Long-term residence and citizenship should be researched as distinct stages. Temporary permits can expire, require renewal or impose limits on absence. Permanent status may have separate qualifying conditions, and naturalisation may involve language, residence, conduct or other legal tests. No number of years or automatic entitlement is promised here for South Africa. Before relying on a future route, ask the responsible authority or a qualified local adviser to identify the current provision and its conditions.

Practical preparation for living in South Africa

The language information for South Africa lists Afrikaans, English, Southern Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu. Identify the language used by the office handling the application and by the intended employer, school, clinic or landlord. A multilingual country can have significant regional differences. Arrange interpretation when accuracy matters, particularly for a contract or medical consultation, and keep translated copies of essential information. Everyday language learning can help integration, but it does not replace a required certified translation.

Use South African rand (ZAR) as the starting point for a local budget and verify the monetary arrangements with the relevant central bank or financial institution. Avoid treating an old exchange-rate statistic as a quote for a present transaction. Separate immigration fees, transport, deposits, accommodation, utilities, insurance and professional charges. Compare the exchange rate, transfer fee and receiving-bank cost, and keep a reserve for a delayed arrival or an unexpected return journey.

An accommodation decision should follow the lawful duration and purpose of stay. Verify the property, the landlord’s authority and the contract before paying a deposit. Ask about utilities, notice periods, registration documents and refund conditions. A temporary booking can provide flexibility while the newcomer checks a neighbourhood and travel times. If accommodation evidence is needed for an application, confirm the accepted form with the authority rather than assuming that every informal invitation or booking is sufficient.

Healthcare preparation should reflect both the traveller’s health and the local services available. Review the country-specific health advice where supplied, consult an appropriate clinician for vaccinations or medication questions, and check the insurance wording. Carry prescriptions and establish the rules for importing controlled medicines. A familiar medicine brand may not be available in South Africa; plan continuity of treatment through a legitimate provider. Insurance should cover the actual activities and circumstances of the stay.

Families should assess schools, childcare, accessibility and the effect of the move on each member’s legal status. Check enrolment documents and whether translated academic or vaccination records are required. An adult’s work permission does not necessarily give a spouse work rights or a child access to every service. A realistic plan includes transport, communication, emergency contacts and arrangements if one family member’s application is delayed or refused.

Tax residence, immigration residence and access to public services can be governed by different rules. A person may need professional advice about income earned abroad, employment deductions or obligations in both the departure and destination jurisdictions. Do not infer tax treatment from an immigration label. Keep records of arrival and departure dates, contracts and payments, and ask a qualified adviser to identify the relevant rules for the actual circumstances.

After arrival, check whether a residence card, address registration, identity number or another local procedure is required by the authorised route. Maintain a calendar of expiry dates and renewal windows using the official instructions. Keep important records securely, with a backup available if a device is lost. When leaving South Africa, settle contractual obligations, retain payment evidence and check whether departure affects a continuing permission or a future return.

A preparation checklist for South Africa

Prepare one coherent personal record before consulting an adviser. It should state the traveller’s nationality, passport type, current legal residence, destination, intended dates and purpose. Include dependants and all transit points. This simple profile reduces misunderstandings and helps the adviser distinguish a visitor application from employment, study or family residence. Leave out unnecessary sensitive documents until the recipient and purpose have been verified.

Create a document register with the issuing body, issue date, expiry date, language and any certification requirement for each item. Note whether an original, copy or digital version is accepted. This is particularly useful for civil records and qualifications that may take time to obtain. A well-organised file makes it easier to answer a request for additional evidence without accidentally sending contradictory versions of the same document.

Use a financial worksheet that separates the application cost from the cost of the journey and the first period in South Africa. Record which payments are refundable and what conditions apply. A consultation charge, government visa fee, airline ticket and accommodation deposit are different transactions with different terms. Request itemised invoices and retain receipts; a single total described as a “visa package” can obscure what has actually been purchased.

Before submitting the application, read the form as a whole. Check dates against the itinerary, employment details against the contract and funds against the stated budget. Where an explanation is needed, make it factual and concise. If a representative prepares the application, review it yourself before signing. Responsibility for the truth of the information should not be delegated to an adviser or a travel agent.

Before departure, check the current official entry and travel advice, the transport operating status, the documents required at boarding and any arrival formalities. Download essential records for offline use and keep paper copies where practical. Share the itinerary with a trusted contact and confirm the first arrival transfer. A complete application file is useful, but it is the current permission and actual travel conditions that determine whether the planned journey can proceed.

Choosing assistance for a South Africa application

Select a consultant by relevant experience and a clear written scope. Ask which part of the process the consultation covers: identifying an appropriate category, explaining a checklist, reviewing evidence or representing the applicant where permitted. The adviser should distinguish general preparation from legal representation and identify any local licensing or authorisation required for the service. A confident sales statement is not a substitute for a source-backed explanation.

Request a written fee breakdown and understand what is excluded. Government charges, translations, courier costs, appointments and further representation may be separate. Ask who will handle the file, how questions are answered and what records the customer receives. A consultant should not promise guaranteed approval or claim influence over the decision-maker. The authority responsible for South Africa determines the outcome under the applicable rules.

When using VisaWand, compare the profile, the consultation scope and the displayed fee before booking. The consultation is an opportunity to clarify the route and preparation; it does not itself create entry permission. Keep control of original documents, email accounts and official application credentials. Provide sensitive material only through an appropriate verified channel, and ask how it will be stored, used and deleted when the service ends.