Ethiopia country guide: visas, airlines and living abroad

Understanding Ethiopia

Ethiopia requires a travel and relocation plan that reflects its geography, administrative arrangements and the traveller’s own circumstances. This guide brings together basic country information, aviation context, entry planning, longer-term residence considerations and practical preparation. A visitor, an international student, an employee and a person joining family may face different procedures even when they hold the same passport.

The country profile places Ethiopia in Eastern Africa. The listed capital or administrative centre is Addis Ababa; the language metadata lists Amharic. Currency information is presented as Ethiopian birr (ETB), and the internet-domain information is .et. These details are useful when checking application addresses, interpreting invoices, identifying local services and arranging communication. A country-code domain identifies an internet namespace; it does not, by itself, authenticate an immigration service or establish an applicant’s eligibility.

Use the guide in two stages. First, understand the destination and prepare a realistic itinerary or relocation objective. Then confirm the applicable requirements with the authority responsible for your nationality, passport type, place of legal residence and purpose of travel. The country-specific official extracts below retain their source dates and scope. They must not be read as a universal visa decision for all passports, and an airline ticket or a consultation booking does not confer permission to enter.

Demographic, geographic and transport material attributed to the CIA World Factbook comes from its final archived edition. Figures retain their original reference years and are historical background rather than a claim that every statistic is current. Government travel-advice extracts are reproduced with attribution under the Open Government Licence. The sections on preparation are practical editorial guidance; they do not invent a visa category, processing guarantee or entitlement to permanent residence. Check the linked original advice again before travel, as the published snapshot can change. Map boundaries are illustrative and do not express a position on sovereignty or disputed borders.

Country facts, geography and economic context

Historical country context, adapted from the public-domain CIA World Factbook final archive. Original dates are retained. These facts do not establish current entry or residence rights.

History and national context

Geographic position

Land area

Landscape

Climate and seasonal planning

Natural hazards

Environmental conditions

Geographic considerations

Capital and administrative centre

Regional administration

Settlement patterns

Population snapshot

Urban development

Major urban areas

Languages and communication

Religion and cultural context

Society and communities

Economic context

Industry and employment context

Agriculture

Trade and exports

Trade and imports

Legal-system background

Names and terminology

National holiday

Internet identity

Airport infrastructure

Rail infrastructure

Airlines and transport to Ethiopia

Air travel to Ethiopia should be planned around the actual operating airport, the operating carrier and the legal conditions at every connection. A marketed flight may be operated by another airline under a codeshare arrangement. Identify which carrier performs each sector, where checked luggage is transferred and whether a change of terminal or airport requires passing through immigration. A cheap connection is not necessarily usable if the traveller lacks the relevant transit or entry permission.

The airline information below uses IATA’s membership directory retrieved on 2026-10-10. Membership is a useful way to identify registered carriers and their airline codes, but it is not a complete census of airlines, a flight timetable or a statement that every carrier operates passenger services. Cargo airlines may also appear. Registration in Ethiopia does not mean an airline serves the traveller’s departure city, and foreign airlines may be the practical option for reaching the destination. Consult the carrier and airport directly for current routes and operating restrictions.

IATA-listed carriers registered in this destination

• Ethiopian Airlines — IATA designator ET

Before paying for flights, check the spelling of the passenger name, passport validity, baggage entitlement, change conditions and refund rules. Compare a protected through-ticket with separate tickets: a missed connection on independently booked sectors may leave the traveller responsible for replacement transport and accommodation. Keep sufficient time for immigration, security screening and baggage collection, especially when arriving in Ethiopia after a long international connection.

For an island, remote settlement or seasonal route, review the consequences of cancellation as carefully as the outward journey. Weather, runway limitations and operating schedules may restrict alternatives. Keep essential medicines, identification, payment methods and a change of clothing in hand luggage. Carry the address of the first accommodation and a reliable arrival contact. Never assume that a visa exemption also removes an airline’s document checks, or that approval for the destination automatically covers a transit country.

How to plan a visa application for Ethiopia

Start with the intended activity rather than the name of a visa found on a commercial website. A short holiday, attendance at meetings, a paid assignment, an academic course and joining a spouse can require different permissions. Write a short factual description of the trip, its duration, who will pay and whether any work will be performed. The responsible authority can then assess the relevant category without relying on an ambiguous description such as “business travel”.

Next, establish which rules apply to the individual passport holder. Nationality, ordinary or diplomatic passport status, dual citizenship, existing residence permits and previous immigration history can affect the route. An entry exemption offered to one nationality should not be applied to another. Likewise, a resident of a neighbouring country may still need permission based on nationality. Where a guide quotes UK travel advice, its stated British-passport scope is retained; it is not a promise that another passport receives the same treatment in Ethiopia.

Identify the correct application channel through an official embassy, consulate, immigration department or government portal. Check whether the application must be made from the applicant’s country of nationality or legal residence, and whether a third-party centre is officially appointed. Search advertisements and a country-code website address are not adequate evidence of authorisation. Confirm the official fee, currency, payment method and process for obtaining a receipt before transferring money or uploading identity documents.

Build the evidence file around the published checklist for the selected category. Possible evidence can include a passport, photographs, a travel plan, accommodation details, financial records, an invitation or proof of a family relationship, but the required list must come from the authority. Names, dates and addresses should be consistent across forms and supporting documents. Explain genuine discrepancies honestly; do not alter a bank record, conceal a refusal or submit a reservation that is presented as paid when it is not.

If translations, certification or legalisation are required, establish the accepted language and format before commissioning them. A translation accepted by a university or employer may not satisfy the immigration authority. Keep the source document, translator’s certification and any required legalisation together. Ask whether a digital upload is sufficient or originals must be produced at an appointment. Where biometrics or an interview are requested, attendance arrangements and passport retention may affect other planned journeys.

Submit only after reviewing every answer and retain the application reference, payment receipt and a complete copy of the evidence. Monitor the official account or authorised communication channel for requests. Respond within the stated period and keep a record of what was supplied. Processing-time estimates are planning information rather than guarantees; do not invent a completion date for Ethiopia, and avoid non-refundable commitments until the documents and travel conditions are suitable.

When a decision is issued, examine the name, passport number, entry validity, permitted duration, number of entries and any activity restrictions. An approval letter may require a later step before boarding or after arrival. If an application is refused, read the reasons and the authority’s instructions for any review, appeal or new application. A different factual situation or corrected evidence should be explained clearly; repeatedly submitting an unchanged file is unlikely to resolve the underlying issue.

Ethiopia: official entry, safety and health information

Country-specific official material reproduced from UK FCDO travel advice under the Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright. The entry section is scoped to British passport holders as stated by the source; other nationalities must check their own requirements. Source last updated: 2026-10-07T16:46:25+01:00. Retrieved 2026-10-10. Read the current original advice.

Warnings and insurance

Areas where FCDO advises against travel

Border areas

FCDO advises against all travel to within: 

• 20km of the border with Sudan
• 10km of the border with South Sudan
• 100km of the Ethiopian border with Somalia and Kenya in Ethiopia’s Somali region, and within 30km of the Ethiopian border with Somalia in Fafan zone, except the border town and crossing at Wajale, and the principal road between Jijiga and Wajale
• 10km of the border with Kenya, except for principal roads and towns
• 20km of the border with Eritrea

Tigray region

FCDO advises against all travel to Tigray region.

Amhara region

FCDO advises against all travel to Amhara region.

Afar region

FCDO advises against all travel to within 20km of the border with Eritrea

FCDO advises against all travel to within 50km of the boundary with Tigray region.

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the rest of Afar.

Gambela region

FCDO advises against all travel to Gambela region.

Oromia region

FCDO advises against all travel to: 

• within 10km of the border with Kenya, except for principal roads and towns
• north of (but not including) the A4 road in West Shewa zone
• south and west of the A3 road in North Shewa zone, including the A3 road itself in North Shewa
• West Wollega zone (including the main Addis Ababa to Gambela road), East Wollega zone, Kellem Wollega and Horo Gudru Wollega

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to:

• all of East Shewa zone except the Addis Ababa to Adama Expressway, 10km either side of the Addis Ababa to Adaba expressway between Addis Ababa and Bishoftu, and the A7 from junction with the Addis Ababa to Adama expressway down to Hawassa
• the A4 road between Addis Ababa and Cheliya, except for the section in the Finfine special zone
• the remainder of North Shewa zone
• West Guji and Guji zones (except the Hawassa to Mega road)

Somali region

FCDO advises against all travel to within:

• 30km of the Ethiopia-Somalia border in Fafan zone, except the border town and crossing at Wajale, and the principal road between Jijiga and Wajale
• 100km of the Ethiopian border with Somalia and Kenya in the rest of the region

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to: 

• the Siti zone
• the Nogob (previously Fik)
• Jarar (previously Degehabur)
• Shabelle (previously Gode)
• Korahe and Dollo (previously Warder)
• areas of Liben and Afder zones more than 100km from the Somalia and Kenya borders

Central, Southern, Sidama and South West regions (formerly SNNPR)

FCDO advises against all travel to within 10km of the borders with South Sudan and Kenya including the shores of Lake Turkana.

Benishangul-Gumuz region

FCDO advises against all travel to:

• within 20km of the border with Sudan
• the Metekel zone
• the Maokomo special zone

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the rest of Benishangul-Gumuz region.

Find out more about why FCDO advises against travel to these regions.

Suspended flights to and from Tigray region

All civilian flights to and from Tigray region were suspended on 22 September 2026. Flights to and from northern Ethiopia could be suspended or cancelled at short notice.

If you are in the Tigray region you should shelter in place:

• Stay indoors whenever possible
• Obey any local restrictions such as curfews
• Monitor the media for developments that would allow you to leave safely
• Stay in touch with your airline for updates.
• As soon as you judge it is safe to do so you should leave the Tigray region using commercial means.

Read FCDO advice on how to deal with a crisis overseas.

Support from FCDO

Staff at the British Embassy in Addis Ababa cannot offer support in person in areas of Ethiopia where FCDO advises against travel.

If you need urgent help from the UK government, for example if you’ve been arrested or you’re concerned about forced marriage, contact the British Embassy in Addis Ababa.

If you’re in the UK and are concerned about a British national in Ethiopia, call FCDO on 020 7008 5000.

Before you travel

No travel can be guaranteed safe. Read all the advice in this guide. You may also find it helpful to:

• see general advice for women travellers
• read our guide on disability and travel abroad
• see general advice for LGBT+ travellers
• read about safety for solo and independent travel
• see advice on volunteering and adventure travel abroad

Travel insurance

If you choose to travel, research your destinations and get appropriate travel insurance. Insurance should cover your itinerary, planned activities and expenses in an emergency. 

About FCDO travel advice

FCDO provides advice about risks of travel to help you make informed decisions. Find out more about FCDO travel advice.

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Entry requirements

This information is for people travelling on a full ‘British citizen’ passport from the UK. It is based on the UK government’s understanding of Ethiopia’s current rules for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in Ethiopia set and enforce entry rules. If you’re not sure how Ethiopia’s entry requirements apply to you, contact the Ethiopian Embassy in the UK.

Passport validity requirements

Your passport must be:

• valid for at least 6 months after the date you arrive in Ethiopia
• machine-readable

Dual nationals

When returning to the UK, British citizens must carry a valid British passport or certificate of entitlement. See Dual citizenship.

Visa requirements

You must have a visa to visit Ethiopia for tourism or business.

You do not need a visa if you have a valid Ethiopian Diplomatic ID Card, Ethiopian Temporary Residents Permit or Ethiopian Origin ID (Yellow Cards).

Applying for a visa 

We recommend UK nationals apply online for tourist and business visas before arrival.

You will need to provide a scanned colour copy of your passport and a colour passport sized photo. Get a 30-day single entry tourist visa from the official Ethiopian e-visa platform.  

If you visit Ethiopia on a tourist visa, you cannot take employment, including voluntary employment. If you break the rules, you can get heavy fines or be imprisoned.

Check what type of visa you need for business, work, study or other reasons. Journalists will also need to obtain Media Arrival entry clearance via the Arrival Clearance Portal.

You can apply for an official extension of 30 or 90 more days before your visa expires. You need to go in person to the Head Office of the Immigration and Citizenship Service in Addis Ababa.

Leave the country before your visa or your extension expires. The penalty for overstaying is 30 US dollars a day. You will not be allowed to leave until you pay in full. 

Vaccine requirements 

To enter Ethiopia, you must have a certificate to prove you’ve had a yellow fever vaccination if you’re coming from a country listed as a transmission risk.

For full details about medical entry requirements and recommended vaccinations, see TravelHealthPro’s Ethiopia guide.

You may need a yellow fever certificate for onward travel to some other countries, due to the risk of yellow fever in Ethiopia.

Mpox screening

Travellers arriving from some countries are required to complete an Ethiopian Ministry of Health survey before arrival, if they are visiting Ethiopia or making a transit stop which includes movement outside of the airport. Check with your airline if the country you are traveling from requires this.

You could be required to undergo testing or treatment if you have symptoms.

Health screening   

Travellers from some countries may be required to complete a health declaration form if they are visiting or transiting through Ethiopia. Check with the airline if the country you are travelling from requires this.

Customs rules

There are strict rules about goods that you can take into or out of Ethiopia.

If you plan to take in specialist equipment, such as filming or audio equipment, the Ethiopian Embassy in London advises you check with your tour operator or local contact before you travel as special customs regulations may apply.   

Contact the Ethiopian Embassy Press Office for more information and advice.

Taking money into and out of Ethiopia

You can carry up to 3,000 Ethiopian birr when entering or leaving Ethiopia. An exception is when travelling to Djibouti from Ethiopia, in which case you can carry up to 10,000 birr. If you are found with more than the legal limits, customs authorities can seize your cash and you could get a prison sentence.

When you enter or leave Ethiopia, you must declare any cash over 10,000 US dollars (or equivalent in other currencies). Residents of Ethiopia, including resident British nationals, must declare any cash over 4,000 US dollars.

If you leave Ethiopia with cash above these amounts, you must show officials the customs declaration form you got when you entered Ethiopia, or the bank advice note if you purchased currency locally. 

If entering Ethiopia through a land border you must declare cash worth over 500 US dollars.

Keep your receipt if you change currency into birr. Without a receipt you are unlikely to be able to change leftover money back at the end of your trip. 

Khat

Khat is legal in Ethiopia but it is illegal to take it out of the country. Customs officials regularly search luggage at Addis Ababa Bole Airport. Anyone found with khat is likely to be prosecuted.   

Antiques

You need an export certificate to take antiques out of the country. If you do not have one, border officials are likely to confiscate your items if they find them. You could be arrested and prosecuted by the authorities.

It is illegal to buy or possess ivory – even your own pieces brought in with you. British nationals have had ivory jewellery confiscated and the authorities have imposed fines of up to 25,000 birr (about £220).

Satellite phones, binoculars and drones

It’s illegal to import or export satellite phones, binoculars or drones to or from Ethiopia without prior approval from the Customs and Information Network and Security Agency. Get advice from your travel provider on permissions required.

Unapproved items can be confiscated by authorities. You may be able to collect them on departure from Ethiopia, but this is not guaranteed.

Safety and security

Terrorism 

There is a high threat of terrorist attack globally affecting UK interests and British nationals, including from groups and individuals who view the UK and British nationals as targets. Stay aware of your surroundings at all times.

UK Counter Terrorism Policing has information and advice on staying safe and what to do in the event of a terrorist attack. Find out how to reduce your risk from terrorism while abroad.

Terrorism in Ethiopia

Terrorists are very likely to try to carry out attacks in Ethiopia.

There is a threat of terrorism across Ethiopia. Attacks could target westerners, including British nationals. These could occur at any time including at religious events, public holidays or celebrations. Attacks could be indiscriminate and occur in places visited by foreign nationals, such as:

• restaurants, hotels, bars, nightclubs and markets
• supermarkets and shopping centres
• stations and airports
• places of worship and tourist attractions
• festivals and sports venues or events

Large crowds are common on key national and religious dates, including:

• Ethiopian Christmas on 7 January
• Epiphany or ‘Timket’ in January
• Victory of Adawa on 2 March
• Ethiopian Patriots’ Victory Day on 5 May
• Downfall of the Derg Regime on 28 May
• Ethiopian New Year from 11 to 12 September
• Birthday of the Prophet Mohammed on 27 September
• Finding of the True Cross or ‘Meskel’ on 28 September
• Irreecha (Oromo thanksgiving festival) in early October (weekend of 3-4 October).
• Ethiopian (Orthodox) Easter
• Eid Al Fitr
• Eid Al Arafa

Parts of the country also have local festivals (often celebrating saints’ days) which can lead to large gatherings.

Terrorist group Al-Shabaab, based in Somalia, poses a threat across East Africa. The group threatens all countries who have military forces in Somalia, including Ethiopia. In 2022, Al-Shabaab attacked the Somali towns of Aato, Yeed and Washaaqo, near the border with Ethiopia. Al-Shabaab has said it intends to commit further attacks in the area.

Political situation

Conflict and violence 

There have been reports of attacks, including possible drone attacks, on military installations in several locations across Ethiopia, including Addis Ababa. Further attacks are possible. Do not approach debris resulting from military activity, or touch unusual objects. Stay away from military sites and installations, and follow the advice of local authorities.

Unrest can start with no notice. There are ongoing armed clashes between ethnic groups and with security forces in much of the country. Foreigners have not been targeted, but can get caught up in events.  You should:

• monitor local media
• follow the advice of local authorities and your tour operator
• reconsider travel to affected areas
• stay away from large gatherings and demonstrations
• stay away from military sites and installations

The security situation in northern Ethiopia may deteriorate quickly. There have been renewed clashes between insurgent groups and the Ethiopian military in parts of Afar, and Tigray, including reports of drone strikes which have increased in frequency since August 2026.

Since spring 2023 there has been significant conflict in Amhara region, between Amhara militia groups (Fano) and the Ethiopian authorities, as well as opportunistic crime and banditry.

There have been increased tensions and violence between armed groups and the security forces across Oromia region.

Strikes and protests

Civil unrest, including protests and strikes, may happen with little or no notice. This can cause:

• temporary closures of roads, internet and mobile networks
• disruption to local businesses and transport

In the past some protests have escalated into serious violence.

Addis Ababa security checks

Travellers may face increased scrutiny, particularly if they are of Amhara, Tigrayan or Oromo ethnicity. Officials may carry out direct police operations including road checkpoints and door-to-door calls. Security services sometimes conduct house searches without authorisation.  

If security officials request access to your accommodation, check the credentials of the officials and then comply with their requests. The authorities have increased security checks at Bole International Airport and there are reports of ethnic Tigrayans being prevented from boarding flights. In all cases, avoid confrontation and follow the instructions of the authorities.

Risk of arbitrary detention  

There have been a small number of cases of arbitrary detention of British nationals in Ethiopia. The risk may increase if tensions are heightened around major events, or in locations that are sensitive for security reasons. Carry a paper copy of your passport and contact details of the British Embassy in Addis Ababa (phone: +251 11 617 0100) in case you are questioned or detained.

The Ethiopian authorities do not always notify embassies when they detain foreign nationals. If you are detained, ask family or friends to contact the British Embassy. The authorities may not permit embassy officials adequate access to detainees.

Crime

Mugging (violent theft or theft with the threat of violence) is on the rise. There have been a number of incidents of sexual harassment of women.

Protecting yourself and your belongings

Take care of your belongings when visiting crowded public places, especially at night. There is a risk of petty theft around Bole International Airport, particularly pickpockets and bag-snatchers. 

Be vigilant if strangers approach you. Criminal groups, often including children and young people, sometimes attempt to steal phones, wallets or other valuables by jostling and pickpocketing. They may use distraction techniques including begging, spitting, spilling food and drink, and feigning illness. 

There has been an increase in reported crime against foreign nationals and Ethiopian nationals in these areas of Addis Ababa:

• Bole Medhanealem
• Bole Atlas
• Meskel Square
• Yeka Hills
• Entoto

Attacks have included knifepoint robberies and victims being choked unconscious. Do not travel alone in these areas if possible. Be cautious if travelling on foot. Consider using road transport where possible, especially after dark.

Vehicle crime

There is a risk of bag and jewellery snatching from vehicles at traffic lights and of thefts from parked cars.

When travelling in vehicles:

• keep belongings with you – do not leave them in vehicles
• keep valuables out of sight
• keep windows closed and vehicle doors locked
• park in well-lit and guarded areas such as hotels, government and tourist locations, which all have security at their entrances
• consider fitting anti-shatter film to vehicle windows for longer-term stays

If threatened, hand over valuables without resistance.

Criminal kidnap  

Kidnapping is widespread in parts of Ethiopia, with incidents in the Oromia, Amhara and Somali regions and on the southern border with Kenya.

There have been a number of recent kidnappings in Amhara and Oromia, especially within the Adama special zone south of Addis Ababa, and western areas of Oromia region, particularly West Wollega, East Wollega and Qellem Wollega zones.

Possible targets for criminal kidnap include people engaged in humanitarian aid work, journalism or business sectors. The motivation for kidnappings is extortion, with criminals demanding high sums for ransom.

When arranging meetings, use a secure location. Avoid regular patterns of travel and aim to only travel during daylight hours. If you go to areas where the FCDO advises against travel, you will be at extreme risk. 

Landmines and unexploded bombs

 There is a continued risk of landmines and other unexploded ordinances following the end of the 2020-2022 northern Ethiopia conflict.

The main areas of risk are:

• along the internal border between Tigray and Amhara regions.
• along the international border with Eritrea
• the rural regions and mountains in the south west of Tigray

Most incidents involve farmers in rural areas but be cautious and avoid traveling off the main roads in the affected areas.

Laws and cultural differences

Personal ID

Always carry a copy of the photo page of your passport and your visa and entry stamp. It is not a legal requirement to carry the original.

Religious customs

Ethiopia is religiously diverse and largely tolerant. However, many people are devout in their faith. Take care to not offend local traditions, customs, laws and religions. Dress conservatively and observe local customs. Take particular care if travelling:

• during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan
• to religious sites of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
• outside Addis Ababa, particularly in rural areas

Ramadan is individually observed but there are no official regulations imposed.

Health and safety

Health and safety precautions like life jackets in boats or protective railings at historical sites are rarely in place in Ethiopia.

Date and time

Traditionally Ethiopia has a different calendar and way of expressing time than are widely used internationally. 

Most documents issued by hotels and larger organisations, including airline tickets, use the international calendar and clock. However:

• official documents are often dated using the Ethiopian calendar
• individuals and smaller organisations might use the Ethiopian clock

Money

Ethiopia is a cash-based society. Banking facilities, including card payments and ATMs are limited, and unreliable, especially outside of cities. Make sure you have enough cash before leaving cities.

Illegal drugs and prison sentences

Drug offences are treated seriously in Ethiopia. Possession of drugs can lead to prison sentences of 5 to 10 years and potentially large fines. 

Khat is legal in Ethiopia, but it is illegal to take it out of the country. If you’re found with it in your baggage, the authorities are likely to prosecute you.

Alcohol

There are no restrictions on buying or possessing alcohol. This includes the predominantly Muslim regions although it may be more difficult to obtain.  

Dress code

Women are expected to dress conservatively, especially when visiting religious sites.   

LGBT+ travellers

Same-sex acts (applying to both sexes) are illegal and carry penalties of between 1 and 15 years in prison. Local authorities intimidate and detain owners and clients of hotels, bars and restaurants in Addis Ababa where same-sex activity is alleged to take place.

The public are not generally accepting of same-sex relationships. Some religious leaders have called for violence against the LGBT+ community. Showing affection in public may receive unwanted attention. It is dangerous to be openly (or covertly) LGBT+ in Ethiopia, and can lead to great personal risk. 

Read more advice for LGBT+ travellers.

Using cameras or drones in secure areas

It is illegal to take photos:

• near military zones or of military personnel
• near the Presidential Palace in Addis Ababa
• anywhere that there are signs prohibiting photography

The use of drones is subject to permission from the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority and Information Network and Security Agency.

Transport risks

Fuel shortages

Fuel availability is currently limited across Ethiopia, with long queues and shortages at petrol stations reported nationwide. This may cause transport disruption and delays, particularly for travel outside Addis Ababa. If you are planning to travel within Ethiopia, check arrangements carefully with your tour operator or transport provider and allow extra time for journeys.

Road travel

If you are planning to drive in Ethiopia, see information on driving abroad.

You can use your UK driving licence to drive for up to 2 weeks. To drive for longer, contact the Ethiopian Ministry of Transport and Logistics to apply for an Ethiopian driving licence.     

Driving standards and vehicle maintenance are often poor and there are frequent traffic accidents, especially in Addis Ababa and on the Addis Ababa-Djibouti road. 

Drivers involved in car accidents can face severe punishments, including custodial sentences and fines. If you’re involved in a traffic accident, stay in your vehicle and call the local police. Avoid confrontation and wait for police to arrive to deal with any issues.

Travel from the airport and around Addis Ababa

Only use buses or taxis from the airport that have been organised by your hotel or travel company. If you are booking your own taxi, choose yellow or app-based taxis rather than the blue and white ones.  

Transport outside Addis Ababa   

Avoid driving after dark anywhere outside Addis Ababa. Vehicles often have no lights and livestock may stray onto the roads. 

Mobile networks are not consistent or reliable. The authorities may close down networks with no notice. You should consider travelling in convoy with at least one other vehicle.

Carry food and water, and ensure your vehicle is properly prepared and equipped. Medical facilities outside the capital are extremely limited so carry a comprehensive medical pack.

Local demonstrations have led to temporary road closures, although not all social media reports of such disruptions are accurate. If unsure, contact local authorities or reputable tour operators in the areas you’re travelling to.

If you come to a roadblock, follow advice of police or army personnel if they are present. If you encounter an unattended roadblock, turn around and do not attempt to pass it. 

Always leave details of your travel itinerary with a reliable person.

Public buses

There have been instances where buses from one region have been attacked when passing through another.

Extreme weather and natural disasters

Earthquakes

There is a risk of earthquakes and earth tremors. You should:

• familiarise yourself with safety procedures in the event of an earthquake
• follow advice given by the local authorities
• call the Ethiopian emergency services on 939 if you are in immediate danger (it is likely they will answer in Amharic)

The US Federal Emergency Management Agency has advice about what to do before, during and after an earthquake.

Regional risks

This section has safety advice for regions of Ethiopia. It only covers regions where FCDO has specific advice.

You should also read FCDO’s overall travel advice and safety and security advice for Ethiopia.

Travel Restrictions

All civilian flights to and from Tigray region have been suspended. Foreign nationals are currently unable to travel to airports in Afar regional state due to restrictions by the Ethiopian authorities. Check with your operator before travel.

The Ethiopian authorities may implement travel restrictions anywhere in the country at short notice.

Border areas  

FCDO advises against all travel to within:

• 20km of the border with Sudan
• 10km of the border with South Sudan
• 100km of the Ethiopian border with Somalia and Kenya in Ethiopia’s Somali region, and within 30km of the Ethiopian border with Somalia in Fafan zone, except the border town and crossing at Wajale, and the principal road between Jijiga and Wajale
• 10km of the border with Kenya, except for principal roads and towns
• 20km of the border with Eritrea

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to:

• Areas between 10-15km from the border with Eritrea

Tigray region

FCDO advises against all travel to Tigray region.

Since 26 January, clashes have occurred in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, between Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) aligned forces and the Ethiopian military, reportedly including drone strikes which have killed at least one civilian.

Amhara region

FCDO advises against all travel to all of Amhara regional state.

There have been violent protests and clashes between security forces in Amhara since April 2023, resulting in an unknown number of deaths including of 11 aid workers.

Violence has increased due to conflict between local militia groups (Fano) and the security forces. Since spring 2023 there has been significant conflict in Amhara region, between Amhara militia groups (Fano) and the Ethiopian authorities, as well as opportunistic crime and banditry. Movement is heavily restricted, arbitrary detention is a risk and the security situation is very volatile.

There have been reports of incidents along the Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar (A3) road, including armed men attacking vehicles. Attacks usually take place in the early hours when visibility is poor. Be highly cautious and avoid travelling when visibility is poor. The A3 road can be subject to increased checkpoints and closure by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF).

Some flights across northern Ethiopia could be suspended or cancelled at short notice. Domestic and international land borders may be closed. Mobile networks and internet connections may be disrupted. You should monitor local media for further information and comply with local authority instructions.

There have been sporadic, violent clashes between armed groups in Amhara and in areas bordering Oromia region, including in urban centres. As these are not contained to specific areas, be cautious when travelling throughout Amhara. Situations can escalate quickly.

Political disputes in the districts (‘woredas’) of Tsegede, Mirab Armacho and Tach Armacho have previously turned violent. Clashes have occurred around Chilga Woreda and Central Gondar zone, with reports of fatalities including civilians. While attacks are mostly related to inter-ethnic disputes and foreigners have not been targeted, attacks can occur at any time with significant risk of being caught up in violence. If you’re travelling in the area, monitor local media and follow the advice of local authorities and your tour operator.

There has been an increase in roadblocks across Amhara region.

Afar region

FCDO advises against all travel to the parts of Afar region within 20km of the border with Eritrea and within 50km of the Tigray region, and advises against all but essential travel to the rest of Afar..

There are irregular armed clashes between ethnic groups in Afar region and Somali Regional State, in particular along the main Addis Ababa to Djibouti road (A1) and the surrounding areas. Attacks are sporadic and infrequent, but may involve roadblocks and vehicles being targeted.

Gambela region

FCDO advises against all travel to Gambela region.

Large-scale violence, inter-communal clashes and armed attacks occur regularly. While foreigners have not been targeted, there’s a significant risk of being caught up in violence.

Oromia region

FCDO advises against all travel to:

• within 10km of the border with Kenya, except for principal roads and towns
• north of (but not including) the A4 road in West Shewa zone
• south and west of the A3 road in North Shewa zone including the A3 road itself in North Shewa
• West Wollega zone (including the main Addis Ababa to Gambella road), East Wollega zone, Kellem Wollega and Horo Gudru Wollega

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to:

• all of East Shewa zone except the Addis Ababa to Adama Expressway and 10km either side of the expressway between Addis Ababa and Bishoftu and the Addis Ababa to Hawassa Expressway
• the A4 road between Addis Ababa and Cheliya, except for the section in the Finfine special zone
• the remainder of North Shewa zone
• West Guji and Guji zones (except the Hawassa to Mega road)

Increased tensions and armed groups

 Violence has increased due to conflict in Oromia, and there may be disruption to travel, and to the operation of businesses and services. 

In West and North Shewa zone there have been reports of attacks on vehicles travelling on the A1 road, between Adama and Awash, though not targeting international travellers.

There were reports in October 2023 of air strikes against armed groups in West Shewa. These could take place in a range of locations without notice. You should be extremely cautious when travelling in the West Shewa zone, particularly in rural areas.

There have been repeated and serious instances of violence in West Wollega, East Wollega, Kellem Wollega and Horo Gudru Wollega. This has included clashes between armed groups and security forces, violent crime and roadside attacks.

There are increased tensions and violence between armed groups and the security forces across Oromia region, particularly Shewa, Haraghe and Guji zones. Avoid military, police and security installations. Be extremely cautious and follow advice of local authorities.

Since late 2022, there has been an increase in incidents between armed groups in Oromia. These have mainly been reported in rural areas and areas bordering Amhara region. Incidents are not contained to specific areas. Be cautious when travelling, particularly between urban centres. The situation can escalate quickly.

Some protests have turned violent and resulted in casualties. There has also been severe disruption to road travel including major roads to and from Addis Ababa.

Protests and demonstrations occur periodically in towns across Oromia region. Towns in the Wollega and Shewa zones, and West Arsi zone, including Ambo, Wolissa, Nekemte and Shashemene, have been particularly affected. Demonstrations have also taken place elsewhere including in the Bale zone to the south-east.

In some instances, international investors have been threatened, although the British Embassy is not aware of foreign tourists having been targeted.

Somali region

FCDO advises against all travel to within:

• 30km of the Ethiopia-Somalia border in Fafan zone, except the border town and crossing at Wajale, and the principal road between Jijiga and Wajale
• 100km of the Ethiopian border with Somalia and Kenya in the rest of the region

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to:

• the Siti zone
• the Nogob (previously Fik)
• Jarar (previously Degehabur)
• Shabelle (previously Gode)
• Korahe and Dollo (previously Warder)
• areas of Liben and Afder zones more than 100km from the Somalia and Kenya borders

There are irregular armed clashes between ethnic groups in Afar Region and Somali Regional State, in particular along the main Addis Ababa to Djibouti road (A1) and the surrounding areas. Attacks are sporadic and infrequent, but may involve roadblocks with vehicles being targeted.

There is local instability, lawlessness, military activity and a general risk of banditry in Somali region. Insurgent groups, some affiliated with terrorist organisations, have clashed with government forces. Foreigners have been caught up in the violence or targeted. There have also been attacks on staff working for international non-governmental organisations.

Central, Southern, Sidama and South West regions (formerly SNNPR)

FCDO advises against all travel to within 10km of the borders with South Sudan and Kenya including the shores of Lake Turkana.

Due to recent regional cluster changes, there have been instances of civil unrest as zones increasingly demand their own regional statehood. There has been civil unrest in Gurage zone in the newly formed Central region. A number of incidents have turned violent.

Benishangul-Gumuz region

FCDO advises against all travel to:

• within 20km of the border with Sudan
• the Metekel zone
• the Maokomo special zone

FCDO advises against all but essential travel to the rest of Benishangul-Gumuz region.

There is risk of armed clashes at near the border with Sudan.

Local tensions have led to frequent and unpredictable violent clashes, including reported abductions and deaths. There have been instances of civil unrest in and around Assosa.

Health

Before you travel check that:

• your destination can provide the healthcare you may need
• you have appropriate travel insurance for local treatment or unexpected medical evacuation

This is particularly important if you have a health condition or are pregnant.

Emergency medical number

Dial 907 and ask for an ambulance.

Contact your insurance company quickly if you’re referred to a medical facility for treatment.

Vaccine recommendations and health risks

At least 8 weeks before your trip:

• check the latest vaccine recommendations for Ethiopia
• see where to get vaccines and whether you have to pay on the NHS travel vaccinations page

See what health risks you’ll face in Ethiopia, including:

• Yellow fever
• Malaria and dengue
• Schistosomiasis
• Zika virus
• Mpox

On 26 January 2026, the Ethiopian government and WHO officially declared the end of the Marburg virus disease outbreak. This announcement came after no new confirmed cases were reported for consecutive 42 days.

Malaria is common in areas of the country up to 2,000 metres above sea level. Addis Ababa sits at 2,400m but a number of sites popular with tourists are below 2,000m.

Bilharzia is present in the vast majority of lakes in Ethiopia – check before swimming.

Water-borne diseases are common. Drink or use only boiled or bottled water and avoid ice in drinks.

There is an ongoing outbreak of cholera in the south of Ethiopia, and new cases have been reported in the north-west of the country.

Altitude sickness is a risk in parts of Ethiopia, including Addis Ababa. TravelHealthPro’s altitude sickness guidance has more information.

Medication

The legal status and regulation of some medicines prescribed or bought in the UK can be different in other countries.

Read best practice when travelling with medicines on TravelHealthPro.

Healthcare in Ethiopia

Only private hospitals in Addis Ababa offer a reasonable standard of basic care for minor health problems. Dentistry is especially scarce. Ambulance services are also limited. Outside the capital, medical facilities are extremely poor. Carry a comprehensive medical pack when travelling out of Addis Ababa. 

FCDO has a list of medical providers in Ethiopia where some staff will speak English.

Travel and mental health

Read FCDO guidance on travel and mental health. There is also mental health guidance on TravelHealthPro.

Expatriates, employment and immigration in Ethiopia

A temporary visit to Ethiopia and permission to reside there are separate planning questions. The terms “expatriate”, “immigrant” and “resident” describe circumstances, but they do not identify an immigration category by themselves. Determine the lawful basis for the intended stay and whether the application is made before travel or through a permitted procedure after arrival. This guide does not assume that a visitor can change status locally, obtain employment or remain indefinitely.

For employment, confirm whether the prospective employer must sponsor the applicant, obtain an approval or demonstrate particular conditions before the worker applies. Ask whether the permission is tied to a specific employer, occupation or location and what happens if the employment ends. Professional licensing, recognition of qualifications and an immigration work authorisation may be separate requirements. A job offer without the required permission should not be treated as a lawful start date.

International students should verify the institution, course eligibility and the immigration requirements directly with the competent offices. Admission, tuition payment and a student visa are separate milestones. Establish whether part-time work is allowed, whether dependants can accompany the student and what options exist after the course. Do not infer work rights or a settlement route from a school’s marketing claims. Keep a budget for study, accommodation, insurance and the return journey.

For family migration, establish which relationships are recognised and what evidence is accepted. Marriage, partnership, parenthood or dependency may involve different procedures, and a family member’s nationality does not automatically settle the applicant’s rights. Check income, accommodation or sponsorship requirements where applicable. Document custody and consent for children travelling with one parent. If names differ across civil records, obtain appropriate explanations and accepted supporting documents.

Long-term residence and citizenship should be researched as distinct stages. Temporary permits can expire, require renewal or impose limits on absence. Permanent status may have separate qualifying conditions, and naturalisation may involve language, residence, conduct or other legal tests. No number of years or automatic entitlement is promised here for Ethiopia. Before relying on a future route, ask the responsible authority or a qualified local adviser to identify the current provision and its conditions.

Practical preparation for living in Ethiopia

The language information for Ethiopia lists Amharic. Identify the language used by the office handling the application and by the intended employer, school, clinic or landlord. A multilingual country can have significant regional differences. Arrange interpretation when accuracy matters, particularly for a contract or medical consultation, and keep translated copies of essential information. Everyday language learning can help integration, but it does not replace a required certified translation.

Use Ethiopian birr (ETB) as the starting point for a local budget and verify the monetary arrangements with the relevant central bank or financial institution. Avoid treating an old exchange-rate statistic as a quote for a present transaction. Separate immigration fees, transport, deposits, accommodation, utilities, insurance and professional charges. Compare the exchange rate, transfer fee and receiving-bank cost, and keep a reserve for a delayed arrival or an unexpected return journey.

An accommodation decision should follow the lawful duration and purpose of stay. Verify the property, the landlord’s authority and the contract before paying a deposit. Ask about utilities, notice periods, registration documents and refund conditions. A temporary booking can provide flexibility while the newcomer checks a neighbourhood and travel times. If accommodation evidence is needed for an application, confirm the accepted form with the authority rather than assuming that every informal invitation or booking is sufficient.

Healthcare preparation should reflect both the traveller’s health and the local services available. Review the country-specific health advice where supplied, consult an appropriate clinician for vaccinations or medication questions, and check the insurance wording. Carry prescriptions and establish the rules for importing controlled medicines. A familiar medicine brand may not be available in Ethiopia; plan continuity of treatment through a legitimate provider. Insurance should cover the actual activities and circumstances of the stay.

Families should assess schools, childcare, accessibility and the effect of the move on each member’s legal status. Check enrolment documents and whether translated academic or vaccination records are required. An adult’s work permission does not necessarily give a spouse work rights or a child access to every service. A realistic plan includes transport, communication, emergency contacts and arrangements if one family member’s application is delayed or refused.

Tax residence, immigration residence and access to public services can be governed by different rules. A person may need professional advice about income earned abroad, employment deductions or obligations in both the departure and destination jurisdictions. Do not infer tax treatment from an immigration label. Keep records of arrival and departure dates, contracts and payments, and ask a qualified adviser to identify the relevant rules for the actual circumstances.

After arrival, check whether a residence card, address registration, identity number or another local procedure is required by the authorised route. Maintain a calendar of expiry dates and renewal windows using the official instructions. Keep important records securely, with a backup available if a device is lost. When leaving Ethiopia, settle contractual obligations, retain payment evidence and check whether departure affects a continuing permission or a future return.

A preparation checklist for Ethiopia

Prepare one coherent personal record before consulting an adviser. It should state the traveller’s nationality, passport type, current legal residence, destination, intended dates and purpose. Include dependants and all transit points. This simple profile reduces misunderstandings and helps the adviser distinguish a visitor application from employment, study or family residence. Leave out unnecessary sensitive documents until the recipient and purpose have been verified.

Create a document register with the issuing body, issue date, expiry date, language and any certification requirement for each item. Note whether an original, copy or digital version is accepted. This is particularly useful for civil records and qualifications that may take time to obtain. A well-organised file makes it easier to answer a request for additional evidence without accidentally sending contradictory versions of the same document.

Use a financial worksheet that separates the application cost from the cost of the journey and the first period in Ethiopia. Record which payments are refundable and what conditions apply. A consultation charge, government visa fee, airline ticket and accommodation deposit are different transactions with different terms. Request itemised invoices and retain receipts; a single total described as a “visa package” can obscure what has actually been purchased.

Before submitting the application, read the form as a whole. Check dates against the itinerary, employment details against the contract and funds against the stated budget. Where an explanation is needed, make it factual and concise. If a representative prepares the application, review it yourself before signing. Responsibility for the truth of the information should not be delegated to an adviser or a travel agent.

Before departure, check the current official entry and travel advice, the transport operating status, the documents required at boarding and any arrival formalities. Download essential records for offline use and keep paper copies where practical. Share the itinerary with a trusted contact and confirm the first arrival transfer. A complete application file is useful, but it is the current permission and actual travel conditions that determine whether the planned journey can proceed.

Choosing assistance for a Ethiopia application

Select a consultant by relevant experience and a clear written scope. Ask which part of the process the consultation covers: identifying an appropriate category, explaining a checklist, reviewing evidence or representing the applicant where permitted. The adviser should distinguish general preparation from legal representation and identify any local licensing or authorisation required for the service. A confident sales statement is not a substitute for a source-backed explanation.

Request a written fee breakdown and understand what is excluded. Government charges, translations, courier costs, appointments and further representation may be separate. Ask who will handle the file, how questions are answered and what records the customer receives. A consultant should not promise guaranteed approval or claim influence over the decision-maker. The authority responsible for Ethiopia determines the outcome under the applicable rules.

When using VisaWand, compare the profile, the consultation scope and the displayed fee before booking. The consultation is an opportunity to clarify the route and preparation; it does not itself create entry permission. Keep control of original documents, email accounts and official application credentials. Provide sensitive material only through an appropriate verified channel, and ask how it will be stored, used and deleted when the service ends.